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1. Pickling: add salt/oil/vinegar (creates acidic environment โ bacteria cannot survive). Mango, lemon, chilli pickle. 2. Drying/dehydration: remove water (bacteria need water). Sun-dry tomatoes, chilli, fish, papads. 3. Freezing: low temperature slows bacterial growth. 4. Pasteurisation: heat milk to 72ยฐC for 15 seconds โ kills harmful bacteria (Louis Pasteur invented in 1864). 5. Canning: food sealed in airtight tin, heated to kill bacteria โ lasts years.