Force between two point charges: F = kq₁q₂/r². k = 1/(4πε₀) = 9×10⁹ N⋅m²/C². ε₀ = 8.85×10⁻¹² C²/N⋅m² (permittivity of free space). Force is along line joining charges. In medium with dielectric constant K: F = kq₁q₂/(Kr²). Superposition principle: net force on a charge = vector sum of forces due to all other charges.
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