Total electric flux through any closed surface = total charge enclosed / ฮตโ. ฯ_E = Q_enclosed/ฮตโ. Flux = Eโ Aโ cosฮธ. Applications: (1) Field of uniformly charged sphere = kQ/rยฒ (outside). (2) Field of infinite line charge = ฮป/(2ฯฮตโr). (3) Field of infinite plane = ฯ/(2ฮตโ). Gauss's law simplifies calculation when symmetry exists.
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