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Preparation of soil: ploughing (loosens soil, aerates, removes weeds), levelling (levelling board), manuring. Sowing: using seed drill (saves time, evenly spaced). Irrigation: canal irrigation (rivers), wells/tube wells, drip irrigation (most efficient โ drops water at roots, saves 30-50% water), sprinkler irrigation. Weeding: removing unwanted plants (weeds) that compete for nutrients.